Weather and climate monitoring: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
[[File:Huntsman_Mesa_CO_RAWS.jpg|thumb|550px|Figure 1. The Huntsman Mesa Remote Automated Weather Station (RAWS) located in the Gunnison Basin of western Colorado. There are about 2200 stations in the RAWS network nationwide, and about 100 stations within the Colorado River Basin. Source: Western Regional Climate Center, https://raws.dri.edu/]] | |||
Monitoring the weather and climate of the Colorado River Basin is made possible by an extensive network of regular observations of weather variables such as temperature, precipitation, humidity, and winds. This "meta-network" actually comprises many individual weather station networks (e.g., RAWS; Figure 1) that have been separately established and maintained, usually to serve particular monitoring purposes (e.g., agriculture, water supply). Data from the vast majority of these weather stations can be accessed in near-real-time (with lags from 5 minutes to one day) from online portals (see Data and tools below); archived data from previous months and years are also typically available. | |||
The data from these weather stations are also gathered and processed into widely used gridded climate products. These gridded climate products are designed to | The data from these weather stations are also gathered and processed into widely used gridded climate products. These gridded climate products are designed to alleviate inadequacies of the station data in two important ways: | ||
* Spatial distribution: Stations are not evenly distributed across the landscape; gridded products interpolate between station observations to provide continuous spatial coverage | * Spatial distribution: Stations are not evenly distributed across the landscape; gridded products interpolate between station observations to provide continuous spatial coverage. | ||
* Temporal consistency: Individual stations may only be active for a few decades or less, and over time may experience changes in location, instrumentation or observation | * Temporal consistency: Individual stations may only be active for a few decades or less, and over time a station may experience changes in location, instrumentation, or time of observation; gridded products adjust for these "inhomogeneities" to provide consistent data over time. | ||
Most of the gridded climate products | Most of the gridded climate products share at least some baseline observational data from weather station networks and use similar processing, so they are not independent of each other. | ||
Observations from weather station networks are directly consulted and used throughout the basin for many weather and climate monitoring applications, such as agriculture, water supply, wildfire management, aviation, road safety, and drought monitoring. One key water-supply application is NOAA CBRFC's use of real-time precipitation and temperature observations from SNOTEL and COOP stations to initialize their streamflow forecasting system with the current moisture conditions for each catchment. Once real-time weather station observations are processed into gridded climate products, those products are widely used for near-real-time to seasonal monitoring applications, and also for historical analyses. | |||
In the Colorado River Basin, as elsewhere in the West, high-elevation weather stations were extremely sparse before the establishment of the SNOTEL network starting in the late 1970s. So the gridded climate data for mountain watersheds critical to water supply is much less reliable prior to 1980. | In the Colorado River Basin, as elsewhere in the West, high-elevation weather stations were extremely sparse before the establishment of the SNOTEL network starting in the late 1970s. So the gridded climate data for mountain watersheds critical to water supply is much less reliable prior to 1980. | ||
==Data and tools== | ==Data and tools== | ||
<onlyinclude> | <onlyinclude> | ||
===[https://mesowest.utah.edu/ MesoWest]=== | ===Weather station data=== | ||
This site created by the University of Utah provides map-based access to | ====[https://mesowest.utah.edu/ MesoWest]==== | ||
This site created by the University of Utah provides map-based access to thousands of weather observing sites from the NWS and FAA (ASOS/AWOS) automated networks, RAWS, SNOTEL, APRSWXNET/CWOP (citizen weather stations), and many other networks. Very useful for real-time monitoring of temperature, winds, humidity, and recent precipitation; users can also access historical observations. | |||
====[https://hprcc.unl.edu/maps.php?map=ACISClimateMaps ACIS Climate Maps (HPRCC)]==== | |||
These maps, generated from weather station observations from the NWS COOP network and updated daily by the High Plains Regional Climate Center (HPRCC), are very helpful for monitoring conditions from weekly to annual timescales. Note that the "shaded" maps are created using a very simple interpolation, unlike that used for gridded climate products. | |||
===[https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cag/ NOAA NCEI Climate at a Glance]=== | ===Gridded climate products=== | ||
====[https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cag/ NOAA NCEI Climate at a Glance]==== | |||
This versatile tool can be used to generate many types of charts, maps, and analyses from NOAA’s official nClimGrid 5-km gridded climate dataset, updated monthly. | |||
===[https://climatetoolbox.org/tool/historical-climograph Climate Toolbox | ====[https://climatetoolbox.org/tool/historical-climograph Climate Toolbox]==== | ||
This | This toolset, developed by researchers at the U. of California-Merced and partners, generates many different types of charts and analyses from the gridMET 4-km gridded climate dataset, updated daily. | ||
====[https://wrcc.dri.edu/wwdt/ WestWide Drought Tracker]==== | |||
These maps display the PRISM 4-km gridded climate product, updated monthly, for climate (temperature, precipitation) variables as well as drought indices (PDSI, SPI, SPEI). The "Percentile" maps show how unusual recent conditions are relative to the historical record. | |||
</onlyinclude> | </onlyinclude> | ||
==Additional resources== | ==Additional resources== | ||
=== | ===[https://wwa.colorado.edu/resources/colorado-river-resources/CRBreport Colorado River Basin Climate and Hydrology: State of the Science report]=== | ||
[https://wwa.colorado.edu/ | |||
[https://wwa.colorado.edu/publications/reports/CRBreport/ColoRiver_StateOfScience_WWA_2020_Chapter_4.pdf Chapter 4] of the 2020 State of the Science report describes weather station data and networks, and gridded climate products, in much greater detail. | |||
===[https://www.zotero.org/groups/4274378/colorado_river_science_wiki/collections/KFS9HQFJ Wiki Library: Weather and climate monitoring]=== | |||
The Wiki library lists over 20 research publications on weather and climate monitoring that discuss monitoring networks, products, and/or methods that are relevant to the Colorado River Basin. | |||
Latest revision as of 16:41, 31 October 2024
Overview
Monitoring the weather and climate of the Colorado River Basin is made possible by an extensive network of regular observations of weather variables such as temperature, precipitation, humidity, and winds. This "meta-network" actually comprises many individual weather station networks (e.g., RAWS; Figure 1) that have been separately established and maintained, usually to serve particular monitoring purposes (e.g., agriculture, water supply). Data from the vast majority of these weather stations can be accessed in near-real-time (with lags from 5 minutes to one day) from online portals (see Data and tools below); archived data from previous months and years are also typically available.
The data from these weather stations are also gathered and processed into widely used gridded climate products. These gridded climate products are designed to alleviate inadequacies of the station data in two important ways:
- Spatial distribution: Stations are not evenly distributed across the landscape; gridded products interpolate between station observations to provide continuous spatial coverage.
- Temporal consistency: Individual stations may only be active for a few decades or less, and over time a station may experience changes in location, instrumentation, or time of observation; gridded products adjust for these "inhomogeneities" to provide consistent data over time.
Most of the gridded climate products share at least some baseline observational data from weather station networks and use similar processing, so they are not independent of each other.
Observations from weather station networks are directly consulted and used throughout the basin for many weather and climate monitoring applications, such as agriculture, water supply, wildfire management, aviation, road safety, and drought monitoring. One key water-supply application is NOAA CBRFC's use of real-time precipitation and temperature observations from SNOTEL and COOP stations to initialize their streamflow forecasting system with the current moisture conditions for each catchment. Once real-time weather station observations are processed into gridded climate products, those products are widely used for near-real-time to seasonal monitoring applications, and also for historical analyses.
In the Colorado River Basin, as elsewhere in the West, high-elevation weather stations were extremely sparse before the establishment of the SNOTEL network starting in the late 1970s. So the gridded climate data for mountain watersheds critical to water supply is much less reliable prior to 1980.
Data and tools
Weather station data
MesoWest
This site created by the University of Utah provides map-based access to thousands of weather observing sites from the NWS and FAA (ASOS/AWOS) automated networks, RAWS, SNOTEL, APRSWXNET/CWOP (citizen weather stations), and many other networks. Very useful for real-time monitoring of temperature, winds, humidity, and recent precipitation; users can also access historical observations.
ACIS Climate Maps (HPRCC)
These maps, generated from weather station observations from the NWS COOP network and updated daily by the High Plains Regional Climate Center (HPRCC), are very helpful for monitoring conditions from weekly to annual timescales. Note that the "shaded" maps are created using a very simple interpolation, unlike that used for gridded climate products.
Gridded climate products
NOAA NCEI Climate at a Glance
This versatile tool can be used to generate many types of charts, maps, and analyses from NOAA’s official nClimGrid 5-km gridded climate dataset, updated monthly.
Climate Toolbox
This toolset, developed by researchers at the U. of California-Merced and partners, generates many different types of charts and analyses from the gridMET 4-km gridded climate dataset, updated daily.
WestWide Drought Tracker
These maps display the PRISM 4-km gridded climate product, updated monthly, for climate (temperature, precipitation) variables as well as drought indices (PDSI, SPI, SPEI). The "Percentile" maps show how unusual recent conditions are relative to the historical record.
Additional resources
Colorado River Basin Climate and Hydrology: State of the Science report
Chapter 4 of the 2020 State of the Science report describes weather station data and networks, and gridded climate products, in much greater detail.
Wiki Library: Weather and climate monitoring
The Wiki library lists over 20 research publications on weather and climate monitoring that discuss monitoring networks, products, and/or methods that are relevant to the Colorado River Basin.